{"id":2516,"date":"2016-05-13T09:00:08","date_gmt":"2016-05-13T06:00:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ufukonen.com\/tr\/?p=2516"},"modified":"2016-05-21T12:28:10","modified_gmt":"2016-05-21T09:28:10","slug":"muzik-endustrisine-bakis-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ufukonen.com\/tr\/muzik-endustrisine-bakis-3.html","title":{"rendered":"M\u00fczik End\u00fcstrisine Bak\u0131\u015f (3. B\u00f6l\u00fcm)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Muzik_Endustrisine_Bakis_3_alt_2\"<\/p>\n

Birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm i\u00e7in t\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z<\/a> – \u0130kinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm i\u00e7in t\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

M\u00fczik 2.0: Internet \u00c7a\u011f\u0131<\/h3>\n

Owsinki, 2.0’\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n 1994, yani mp3 dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n ilk payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131l oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. M\u00fczik CD’leri i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f dijital dosya format\u0131nda bir dakikal\u0131k mono ses kayd\u0131 5 MB, bir dakikal\u0131k stereo ses kayd\u0131 ise 10 MB yer tutuyor. Bu hesapla 40 dakikal\u0131k stereo bir alb\u00fcm 400 MB anlam\u0131na geliyor. Bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in belki fazla b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fil fakat 1990’lar\u0131n telefon hatlar\u0131 \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lan ‘dial-up’ internet ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fczde toplam 400 MB b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bir dizi dosyay\u0131 indirmek neredeyse imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131. 128 kbps mp3 dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri normal (kay\u0131ps\u0131z \/ s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f) dijital dosyalara g\u00f6re onda biri oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in internet \u00fczerinde bu dosyalar\u0131n transferleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck de\u011ferlerle kodlanm\u0131\u015f mp3 dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n ses kaliteleri her ne kadar k\u00f6t\u00fc de olsa internet \u00fczerinden bilgisayara par\u00e7a indirme, indirilen par\u00e7alar\u0131 ba\u015fkalar\u0131yla payla\u015fabilme fikri bir\u00e7ok insana cazip geldi.<\/p>\n

\"napster\"Dosya payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 IRC (Internet Relay Chat) ve Hotline \u00fczerinden ba\u015flad\u0131. 1997’de Winamp ile birlikte mp3 kullan\u0131m\u0131 artt\u0131. 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda Napster ile ‘peer-to-peer file sharing’ (P2P) olarak tan\u0131mlanan kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n internet \u00fczerinden kendi aralar\u0131nda dosya payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131yan sistem hayata ge\u00e7ti ve \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede pop\u00fcler hale geldi. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015fta Metallica olmak \u00fczere Dr. Dre ve Madonna gibi bir\u00e7ok \u00fcnl\u00fc sanat\u00e7\u0131 Napster’a dava a\u00e7t\u0131. Napster 2001’de kapat\u0131ld\u0131 ancak dosya payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 Gnutella, Kazaa ve BitTorrent \u00fczerinden devam etti. Plak \u015firketleri \u00f6nceleri \u00e7ok da \u00f6nemsemedikleri dosya payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kendilerini s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131ya sokabilece\u011fini fark etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1990’lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda CD yaz\u0131c\u0131lar ve bu yaz\u0131c\u0131larda kullan\u0131lan bo\u015f CD’ler \u00e7ok pahal\u0131yd\u0131. Bunlar ancak mastering i\u00e7in profesyonel st\u00fcdyolarda kullan\u0131labiliyordu. 2000’lere geldi\u011fimizde CD yaz\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n fiyatlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, bilgisayarlar\u0131n \u00fczerinde standart olarak kullan\u0131lan bir donan\u0131m haline geldi. Baz\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde CD yaz\u0131c\u0131lar, korsan sat\u0131\u015fa katk\u0131 sa\u011flamasa bile arkada\u015f aras\u0131nda alb\u00fcm payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fczik end\u00fcstrisine k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de olsa darbe vurdu. T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in durum farkl\u0131yd\u0131; zaten \u00e7ok yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde s\u00fcr\u00fcp giden korsan kaset ticareti sadece format de\u011fi\u015ftirerek, kasetten CD’ye ge\u00e7erek, t\u00fcm h\u0131z\u0131yla devam etti.<\/p>\n

M\u00fczik 2.0’\u0131, k\u0131saca, m\u00fczik end\u00fcstrisinde y\u0131llardan beri s\u00fcregelen klasik modelin dijital m\u00fczik dosyalar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n internet \u00fczerinden payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 sonucunda de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flayabilece\u011finin sinyallerini verdi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nem olarak \u00f6zetleyebiliriz. Bu sinyaller \u00f6zelikle 1980’lerde \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00e2rlar elde eden b\u00fcy\u00fck plak \u015firketlerinin rahats\u0131z etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

M\u00fczik 2.5: iTunes ve Dijital M\u00fczi\u011fin Paraya \u00c7evrilmesi<\/h3>\n

2000’li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda plak \u015firketleri internet \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lan payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 durduramayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yava\u015f yava\u015f anlamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve bunun i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 form\u00fcller arar hale gelmi\u015fti. 2001’de Apple hem iTunes’u hem de iPod’u tan\u0131tt\u0131. iPod, k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n “Walkman”i haline geldi. Apple, 2003’te iTunes Store’u a\u00e7t\u0131 ve bu, m\u00fczik end\u00fcstrisinde adeta devrim niteli\u011finde bir hamle oldu \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc dijital m\u00fczik dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sat\u0131lmas\u0131, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle ticaret i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn hale geldi. iTunes Store \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lan sat\u0131\u015flardan sanat\u00e7\u0131 her zaman oldu\u011fundan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00e2r elde etmedi ancak Apple, sat\u0131\u015flar \u00fczerinden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 paylar ile, plak \u015firketleri ise fabrikasyon ve paketleme giderlerinden kurtulmalar\u0131yla birlikte b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00e2rlar elde etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. iTunes Store katalo\u011funda 43 milyon \u015fark\u0131 bulunuyor, a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan bug\u00fcne kadar sat\u0131lan toplam \u015fark\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 ise 25 milyar\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f. iTunes Store T\u00fcrkiye’ye ancak Aral\u0131k 2012’de girebildi.<\/p>\n

\"iPod_white\"

Apple iPod\u00ae<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dijital par\u00e7a sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131 her ne kadar plak \u015firketleri i\u00e7in k\u00e2rl\u0131 olsa da internet \u00fczerinden dosya payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 genel olarak alb\u00fcm ve single sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkiledi. Bu sebepten dolay\u0131 \u015firketler, eskiden alb\u00fcm sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan kazand\u0131klar\u0131 paralar\u0131 bu sefer de konser, turne gibi di\u011fer yollar \u00fczerinden kazanabilmek i\u00e7in sanat\u00e7\u0131larla sadece alb\u00fcm anla\u015fmalar\u0131 de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda menajerlik anla\u015fmas\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in de kollar\u0131 s\u0131vad\u0131. Bu model hen\u00fcz \u00e7ok oturmu\u015f bir model olmasa da end\u00fcstrideki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fekilleri yava\u015f yava\u015f bu y\u00f6ne do\u011fru kay\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

M\u00fczik 2.5 modelinde bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli konu ise veri ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 (streaming) sa\u011flayan m\u00fczik siteleri ve servisleri… 2000-2007 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Pandora, Spotify, Grooveshark, Rhapsody, Deezer gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli streaming siteleri ve servisleri kuruldu. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 tamamen yasal olarak i\u015fe ba\u015flad\u0131: kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131ndan ayl\u0131k ya da y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00fccret al\u0131p veya reklamlarda gelir elde edip plak \u015firketlerine ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lara telif \u00fccreti \u00f6d\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Di\u011ferlerinin durumu ise biraz daha kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k ya da karanl\u0131kt\u0131. Durumu karanl\u0131k olanlar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar gelemedi. Streaming i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye’de ilk yerli giri\u015fim daha sonra Turkcell taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131n al\u0131nan Fizy’di.<\/p>\n

M\u00fczik 2.5’i k\u0131saca \u00f6zetleyecek olursak, iTunes Store ile dijital m\u00fczik dosyalar\u0131 \u00fczerinden k\u00e2rl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde gelir elde edilebilece\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131, dinleyiciler alb\u00fcm yerine tek tek par\u00e7a sat\u0131n almaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle dijital formattaki single’lar pop\u00fcler hale geldi. ‘Streaming’ m\u00fczik siteleri ve servisleri yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131, plak \u015firketleri internet \u00fczerinden illegal par\u00e7a ve alb\u00fcm payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 sonucunda kaybettikleri gelirleri sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n menajerli\u011fini de \u00fcstlenerek geri kazanmak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

> D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm i\u00e7in t\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Benzer payla\u015f\u0131mlar i\u00e7in beni\u00a0Facebook<\/a>\u00a0ve\u00a0Twitter<\/a>‘da takip edin. Haberler i\u00e7in l\u00fctfen\u00a0mesaj listeme \u00fcye olun<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Foto\u011fraf:<\/p>\n